Table 2 Phytotoxicity caused by various pre-emergent herbicides in different varieties of hemp across the world
From: Herbicide use and weed management strategies in hemp cultivation
75.1–100% injury | 50.1–75% injury | 25.1–50% injury | 0–25% injury | Treatment Time | Observation Time | Variety | Experiment/City | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metribuzin (0.375 kg ai/ha) | Acetaclor (1.98 kg ai/ha), Metolachlor (1.44 kg ai/ha) | 4 days after planting | - | Zenit | Field/Romania | (Chiriţă 2008) | ||
Mesotrione (0.39 L/ha) | Fomesafen (1.52 L/ha), Metolachlor (1.95 L/ha), Pendimethalin (2.80 L/ha), Pyroxasulfone (0.070 kg/ha), | on the day of planting | 4 weeks after treatment | Italian Cultivars | Field/Kentucky, USA | (Maxwell 2016) | ||
Fomesafen (1.52 L/ha), Mesotrione (0.39 L/ha), Metolachlor (1.95 L/ha) | Pendimethalin (2.80 L/ha), Pyroxasulfone (0.070 kg/ha) | on the day of planting | 4 weeks after treatment | Finola | Field/Kentucky, USA | (Maxwell 2016) | ||
Clomazone (1.4 kg ai/ha), Norflurazon (2.8 kg ai/ha) | Acetochlor (3.4 kg ai/ha), Dimethanamid-P (0.7 kg ai/ha), Flumioxazin (0.1 kg ai/ha), Fomesafen (0.4 kg ai/ha), Metribuzin (0.6 kg ai/ha), Pyroxasulfone (0.9 kg ai/ha), S-metolachlor (1.6 kg ai/ha) | Chlorimuron (0.04 kg ai/ha), Diuron (2.3 kg ai/ha), Linuron (1.4 kg ai/ha), Pendimethalin (1.6 kg ai/ha) | on the day of planting | 4 weeks after treatment | Felina 32 | Greenhouse/Virginia, USA | (Byrd 2019) | |
Chlorimuron (0.04 kg ai/ha), Linuron (1.4 kg ai/ha) | Fomesafen (0.4 kg ai/ha) | Pendimethalin (1.6 kg ai/ha), S-metolachlor (1.6 kg ai/ha) | on the day of planting | 30 days after treatment | Helena 2017 | Field/Virginia, USA | (Byrd 2019) | |
Chlorimuron (0.04 kg ai/ha), Pendimethalin (1.6 kg ai/ha) | Fomesafen (0.4 ai/ha), Linuron (1.4 kg ai/ha), S-metolachlor (1.6 kg ai/ha) | on the day of planting | 30 days after treatment | Joey 2018 | Field/Virginia, USA | (Byrd 2019) | ||
Ethofumesate (3.361 kg ai/ha), Mesotrione (0.105 kg ai/ha), Metribuzin (0.277 kg ai/ha), Pyroxasulfone (0.109 kg ai/ha) | Acetochlor (1.053 kg ai/ha), Isoxaflutole (0.053 kg ai/ha) | Acetochlor (1.053 kg ai/ha), Atrazine (0.426 kg ai/ha), Dimethenamid-P (0.84 kg ai/ha), Saflufenacil (0.038 kg ai/ha), S-metolachlor (1.597 kg ai/ha), Sulfentrazone (0.158 kg ai/ha) | Imazethapyr-ammonium (0.044 kg ae/ha), Pendimethalin (1.12 kg ai/ha), Flumioxazin (0.089 kg ai/ha), Quinclorac-methyl (0.289 kg ai/ha), Trifluralin (0.56 kg ai/ha) | on the day of planting | 25 days after emergence | CFX-2 | Greenhouse/North Dakota, USA | (Mettler 2021) |
Acetochlor (1.05 kg ai/ha), Imazethapyr-ammonium (0.044 kg ae/ha), Pendimethalin (1.12 kg ai/ha), Pyroxasulfone (0.109 kg ai/ha), Quinclorac-methyl (0.29 kg ai/ha), Saflufenacil (0.038 kg ai/ha), Trifluralin (0.84 kg ai/ha), | on the day of planting | 28 days after emergence | X-59 | Field/North Dakota, USA | (Mettler 2021) | |||
Clomazone (0.3 kg, L/ha) | Metribuzin (1.2 kg, L/ha), S-metolachlor (1.5 kg, L/ha) | Aclonifen (4.0 kg, L/ha), Bifenox (1.5 kg, L/ha), Lenacil (0.8 kg, L/ha), Oxyfluorfen (0.5 kg, L/ha), Pendimethalin (3.0 kg, L/ha), | 4 days after planting | 4 weeks after treatment | Secuieni—Jubileu | Field/Romania | (Puiu et al. 2023) | |
Clomazone (0.096 kg ai/ha) | Dimethenamid-P (0.576 kg ai/ha), Pendimethalin (1.65 kg ai/ha), Pyroxasulfone (0.1275 kg ai/ha) | on the day of planting | 2 weeks after treatment | Finola | Pot/Yozgat, Turkey | (Kale et al. 2024) | ||
Clomazone (0.096 kg ai/ha), Dimethenamid-P (0.576 kg ai/ha), Pendimethalin (1.65 kg ai/ha), Pyroxasulfone (0.1275 kg ai/ha) | on the day of planting | - | Finola | Field/Yozgat, Turkey | (Kale et al. 2024) |