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Table 3 Semi-quantitative assessment of Bile Tolerant Gram-Negative Bacteria (BTGNB) and evaluation of absence of E. coli and Salmonella in 1 and 25 g of plant biomass, respectively

From: A three-years survey of microbial contaminants in industrial hemp inflorescences from two Italian cultivation sites

BTGNB

Catania*

Rovigo*

2019*

2020*

2021*

2019

2020

2021

Bernabeo

 < 102 and < 10

 > 103

 < 103 and < 102

 > 103

 > 103

 > 103

Carmagnola

 < 102 and < 10

 > 103

 < 103 and < 102

 > 103

 > 103

 > 103

Carmaleonte

 < 10

 > 103

 < 103 and < 102

 > 103

 > 103

 > 103

Codimono

 < 10

 > 103

 > 103

 > 103

 > 103

 > 103

CS

 < 102 and < 10

 > 103

 < 103 and < 102

 > 103

 > 103

 > 103

Eletta Campana

 < 102 and < 10

 > 103

 < 103 and < 102

 > 103

 > 103

 > 103

Fibranova

 < 102 and < 10

 > 103

 > 103

 > 103

 > 103

 > 103

E. coli

Catania

Rovigo

2019

2020

2021*

2019

2020

2021*

Bernabeo

-

 + 

-

-

 + 

 + 

Carmagnola

 + 

-

 + 

 + 

-

 + 

Carmaleonte

-

-

 + 

-

-

 + 

Codimono

-

-

 + 

-

-

 + 

CS*

 + 

 + 

 + 

 + 

 + 

 + 

Eletta Campana

 + 

-

-

 + 

-

 + 

Fibranova

-

-

 + 

-

-

 + 

Salmonella

Catania

Rovigo

2019

2020*

2021

2019

2020*

2021

Bernabeo

-

-

-

-

-

-

Carmagnola

-

-

-

-

 + 

-

Carmaleonte

-

 + 

-

-

 + 

-

Codimono

-

-

-

-

-

-

CS

-

 + 

-

-

-

-

Eletta Campana

-

-

-

-

 + 

-

Fibranova

-

-

-

-

 + 

-

  1. BTGNT: Bile Tolerant Gram-Negative Bacteria; x: cfu/g; + : presence; -: absence; *: significantly different groups (p < 0.05) among geographical area; cultivation year, and botanical variety