Table 3 Electrochemical sensing technology for the detection of THC
Mechanism | Medium | Limit of detection | Cross-reactivity tests | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DPV | THC electrochemical oxidation on SPCEs | Artificial saliva diluted to 50% with buffer | 42 ng/mL | pH | (Williams et al. 2023) |
THC electrochemical oxidation on CuPc/SPGE | Saliva diluted with 20:80% of ethanol:buffer | 1.4 ng/mL | SCN, pH, CH3COO−, NO3−, Cl−, H2PO4−, SO32−, F−, CO32−, NO2−, I−, SO42−, K+, Na+, NH4+, Mg2+, citric acid, glucose, cysteine, and ascorbic acid | (Pholsiri et al. 2023) | |
Competitive binding between THC and redox indicator with an aptamer on Au electrode | Buffer and saliva | 1.6 ng/mL | None | (Kekedy-Nagy et al. 2023) | |
THC electrochemical oxidation on MIP-MWCNTs modified SPCE | Plasma | 0.17 ng/mL | THC-COOH, THC-OH, norepinephrine, 6-acetylmorphine, stanozolol, ascorbic acid, hydrocodone, buprenorphine, serotonin, dopamine, norbuprenorphine, ethylmorphine, acetaminophen, uric acid, amphetamine, and MTH | (Zhao et al. 2022) | |
FcMMA electrochemical-oxidation on MIP NPs modified SPGE | Plasma | 16.1 ng/mL | Glucose, C4-HSL, paracetamol, trypsin | (Garcia-Cruz et al. 2020) | |
THC electrochemical oxidation on MWCNTs or carbon beads-MIP in micropipette electrode | Buffer | 0.18 ng/mL | Caffeine, acetaminophen | (Zhang et al. 2019) | |
SWV | THC electrochemical oxidation on THC electrodeposited SPCE | Simulated saliva and diluted saliva | 1.6 ng/mL | None | (Ortega et al. 2022) |
THC electrochemical oxidation on MWCNTs modified SPCE | Diluted saliva | 161.3 ng/mL | Ethanol | (Mishra et al. 2020) | |
Competitive binding between THC and BSA-THC with Au NPs functionalized THC-antibody immobilized on Au electrode | Buffer, Urine | 7 pg/mL (in buffer) | Morphine, benzoylecgonine | (Eissa et al. 2019) | |
EIS | THC recognition by THC-antibody immobilized on Au electrode | Saliva | 100 pg/mL | pH | (Stevenson et al. 2019) |
Current pulse (capacitive) | THC recognition on MIP NPs modified Au electrode | Buffer | N/A | Cannabidivarin, THC-COOH, cannabigerol | (Canfarotta et al. 2018) |
FET | THC electrochemical oxidation at the Pt gate electrode | DI water and synthetic saliva buffer | 0.32 ng/mL | None | (Majak et al. 2021) |
Conductimetric | THC adsorption on semiconducting SWCNTs | Vapor and synthetic breath | 0.163 ng (cumulated) | m-xylene, olivetol | (Hwang et al. 2019) |